Education

From Indigenous Apprenticeship to Formalized Professional Practice: The Igbo Business System and Omniversity Imperial College’s Competency-Based Evaluation Framework

By Toknboh Akeredolu-Ale The Igbo apprenticeship system stands as one of Africa’s most coherent indigenous models of professional formation, enterprise succession, and competency validation. Its logic is not academic credentialism but verified capability, ethical conduct, economic relevance, and social trust. Apprenticeship within
January 7, 2026
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